Irrigation Water

Water is an essential nutrient for both crops and livestock. In this section, discover in-depth information on the importance of water quality for agriculture. Find resources on feed management effects on watersheds, water system design in the dairy, and the impact of groundwater pollution.

Agriculture and Water Quality Considerations

Water quality is critical for the success of agriculture. The quality of water is determined by various factors, including soluble salts, alkalinity, and pH. Poor quality water can affect crop growth, yield, and livestock health and productivity.

Agricultural water typically comes from surface water, rainwater, groundwater, or municipal water. Groundwater, however, accounts for the majority of water used for agricultural activities. Groundwater aquifers vary in size and the quality of water yielded can differ from one aquifer to another.

In the United States, eutrophication is one of the leading surface water issues that impair water quality. Eutrophication causes increased algae and aquatic weeds growth and is often accelerated by higher amounts of phosphorus. Learn how to manage phosphorus with Penn State Extension.

In-depth information on water quality for agriculture can be obtained through Penn State Extension resources. In this section, discover more on water quality benefits of biomass crops, watershed-friendly deicing materials, and passive treatment for acid water. Information on water requirements under the Food Safety Modernization Act can be accessed, as well.

Irrigation Water Quality and Crops

Water used for crop irrigation can vary in quality depending on its source and qualities. It is important, however, to ensure the safe use of agricultural water. Irrigating crops with contaminated water can result in contaminated produce, which is why it’s critical to determine the quality of the water.

Irrigation water quality is determined based on water salinity and ion toxicity, as well as pH and alkalinity. Water treatment and protection options often include reverse osmosis, distillation, dilution, acidification, and biochar applications.

The best way to monitor water safety is through regular irrigation water quality testing. Produce growers in Pennsylvania can test their water through Penn State’s College of Agricultural Sciences testing program. Test kits are available at Penn State Extension’s offices.

Resources on interpreting irrigation water test results are available. In addition, homeowners and producers can learn more about why and how to test water, as well as obtain a water quality checklist.

Livestock Water Quality

Providing safe and sufficient water for livestock is important for keeping them healthy. If the quality of water is poor, the growth, productivity, and reproduction of animals may be adversely affected.

In dairy production, the most common water-related problems originate from aesthetic pollutants such as manganese, hydrogen sulfide, and iron. Water quality problems can lead to health issues, reduced water intake, and decreased milk production. Producers are advised to regularly test watering points and keep records for each water source.

Livestock producers can benefit from various Penn State Extension webinars and publications. Explore study results on the quality of livestock water supplies, along with thresholds for health and milk production effects. In addition, uncover how water quality affects dairy herds during the free water system design webinar.